Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy Essay examples --

Women in Ancient Times from Matriarchy to PatriarchyIn addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes varies across cultures and time. Images of women, intimatelyly figurines of the analogous type as the "Venus" of Willendorf*, Lespugue** and Laussel*** (old statuettes representing obese women, women whose wombs and hips are extremely exaggerated) all dating to the Paleolithic period, far outnumber images of men. This has lead to speculation about the lay of women in Stone Age society. Some have argued that these female figures denote the existence during this period of a prominent female deity identified commonly as the Earth Mother or the Mother Goddess. On the basis of th is assumption, it has been suggested that, unlike today, women played a considerably more important, if not dominant, role in Paleolithic society that possibly a matriarchy existed and women ruled. That means men havent always been the leaders its not an inborn note (as a lot of them suggest) Johann Bachofen was a 19th Century Swiss archaeologist and classicist who was among the first to recognize the presence of an early matriarchal stage in proto-European cultural evolution. Bachofen used Greek myth to support his arguments. He felt that at that place were three cultural stages that the early European culture went through. In his thinking the first stage was a barbaric or hetairistic stage (from the Greek word hetero meaning both) where both or actually neither sex was real in control for there was no control. The strong took advantage of the weak, and there was wide-spread "wanton" sexual activity, uncontrolled by values or morals. Bachofen thought that Aphrodite, God dess of Love, was the headway deity of this time. The second stage was the matriarchal stage, where women banded together for their own defense. Strong Greek hunter/warrior goddesses such as Artemis and Athena were thought by Bachofen to have come from ancient fragments of memory stemming from this time, as well as the mythic Amazons and Furies. This middle stage saw the development of agriculture, and the rise of... ...e largely unobserved it was a new kind of union composed of husband and wife, distinctly different form the former clan union of sisters and brothers. The two were in original antagonism to each other. Thus, although marriage was introduced by the mothers within the framework of the maternal clan structure, in the end marriage would undermine the matriarchy. Therefore womankind gave up its most powerful weapon in maintaining its dominance in a world of fatherless children and brought about itself the torments of patriarchy, by instutionalizing marriage. Unfortuna tely, unlike the matriarchy, patriarchy has lasted to our present day. Of course there has been major progress since the days of the Roman Empire, now it is illegal to consider women lower then men in any sense (at least in some countries), yet most of us still see the world through the patriarchal curtain that covers our eyes. BibliographyWomen out of history a herstory anthology by Ann Forfreedom The tail of history by Elise Boulding Womans evolution from matriarchal clan to patriarchal family by Evelyn Reed When God Was a Woman by merlin Stone http//www.yahoo.comhttp//www.google.com